Nació en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Es licenciado en Biología por la Universidad de La Laguna y Graduado en Optometría por la Universidad San Pablo CEU.
Especialista en superficie ocular, David Melián ejerce de óptico desde 2011 en Óptica Porver, óptica autorizada por la Seguridad Social para realizar exámenes optométricos. Desde la óptica incide en la importancia que tiene cuidar la salud de los ojos.
– Desde el punto de vista de la salud de los ojos, ¿Por qué es necesario el uso de gafas de sol? ¿Qué efectos pueden tener las radiaciones solares en nuestra vista?
Cada vez se detectan más problemas oculares debido al mal uso o no uso de gafas de sol. Principalmente las afecciones oculares que ocurren son queratitis, conjuntivitis y deterioros progresivos de las superficies del ojo, como la córnea, el cristalino y el fondo de ojo, no acorde a la edad del paciente. Lo que quiere decir es que se están produciendo deterioros en personas jóvenes debido a la incidencia de la radiación cada vez más nociva que recibimos del sol. Estas radiaciones son principalmente la radiación ultravioleta, la A y la B, y la infrarroja. Esta radiación ultravioleta tiene efectos de envejecimiento progresivo de la superficie del ojo y la ultravioleta B y la infrarroja además son térmicas. Son radiaciones que producen calor y quemazón, pudiendo llegar incluso a deteriorar por completo la superficie del ojo o el fondo.
– La incidencia del sol no es la misma en zonas bajas que en zonas altas o de cumbre…
No es la misma la incidencia de la radiación que recibimos en zonas de cumbre o zonas de altura que la que se recibe a nivel del mar. Lógicamente, al estar en altura estamos más cerca del sol, por lo cual la radiación es mucho más intensa. En países que viven en altura y donde no se protegen correctamente del sol, estas afecciones son mucho mayores. Por ejemplo, en zonas de altura se ve mucho más la incidencia de pterigium. Actualmente las autoridades sanitarias se lo están tomando muy en serio y ponen información del índice de radiación ultravioleta en zonas como las playas, para que la gente tome un poquito de conciencia.
– Mucha gente compra gafas de sol no homologadas. ¿Qué riesgos conllevan este tipo de gafas?
El uso de gafas de sol no homologadas produce un efecto multiplicador en todas estas afecciones puesto que la pupila es un diafragma natural que se cierra cuando recibimos mucha intensidad lumínica. Esto se hace para proteger de quemazones precisamente el fondo de ojo. Si tenemos un filtro delante que lo único que hace es quitarnos intensidad pero no filtrarnos la pupila permanece dilatada, con lo cual estamos dando cancha libre a toda esa radiación para que entre en el fondo de ojo, teniendo un efecto multiplicador. Con lo cual, es mejor no llevar nada que llevar unas gafas de sol que no te protejan.
– ¿Cómo podemos diferenciar unas gafas homologadas frente a unas que no lo son?
Desafortunadamente para detectar que una gafa de sol sea homologada la única solución es que el fabricante o en este caso quien la distribuye, te de un certificado de autenticidad de esa gafa. Actualmente existen líneas de venta no homologadas e ilegales, que son los top manta o cualquier persona que decide vender gafas de sol, que ponen el material en un epígrafe que no es el de gafas de sol, sino como elementos de protección o algo así. El problema es que están cometiendo una ilegalidad, pero una ilegalidad que por ahora no está siendo controlada por las autoridades.
– ¿Cómo se eligen unas gafas de sol?
Ahora mismo existen otro tipo de cristales que se pueden colocar a las gafas de sol, como son filtros extra que se fabrican. Filtros polarizados que disminuyen la intensidad delbrillo y de los reflejos que produce la luz del sol al reflejar en superficies metálicas, en la superficie del mar… Estos filtros aportan a las gafas protecciones extra para la salud visual. También se pueden colocar filtros de ultravioleta e infrarrojos en gafas graduadas. Estos filtros se colocan en gafas normales, en gafas blancas, y se entrega al usuario un certificado como que esas gafas filtran también el ultravioleta y el infrarrojo. Lógicamente la intensidad lumínica sigue siendo la misma.
– ¿Es posible graduar las gafas de sol?
Sí. Hoy en día es posible graduar todo tipo de gafas de sol. Graduarlas de cerca, de lejos, de lejos y cerca, conocidas como progresivas. Además, a todas las gafas de sol se le pueden poner los tratamientos antireflejantes, espejados y polarizados, combinándolos todos o por separado. También s epueden graduar las gafas curvas, fabricando unas lentes con curvatura, pero estas lentes no son del todo adecuadas para graduaciones altas.
– A la hora de graduar gafas de sol, ¿es importante el color de las lentes?
Sí. Por ejemplo, los miopes suelen estar más cómodos con los cristales de color marrón en situaciones de días soleados. En los días nublados o con poca iluminación se encontrarán mejor con lentes naranjas, que les mejorará la sensibilidad al contraste, dado el peor estado de su retina. Esto último se podría extender a todo el mundo,
perolas personas con miopía pueden agradecerlo más.
– ¿Tienen que ver los índices de protección del 0 al 4 con la radiación ultravioleta?
Hay que distinguir entre luminosidad y radiación ultravioleta. Las categorías del 0 al 4 indican el porcentaje de luz que la lente deja pasar. Cuanto más oscura sea, más reducirá la intensidad de la luz y más cómoda será la visión. En cuanto al filtro ultravioleta, debe ser del 100%. Ni el color, ni la oscuridad ni el tipo de lentes está relacionado con la capacidad de la misma para proteger contra los efectos nocivos de los rayos solares.
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